A. PLANT STRUCTURE

A. 1. Introduction. Scientific field, objectives and importance of Botany. History of Botanical Sciences. Origin and evolution of plant organisms. Economic importance of plants. Sections of Botany. The plants and the humans.

A .2. Eukaryotic plant cell: a) Structure and organization of the eukaryotic plant cells with emphasis on the special features distinguishing them from the animal cells (cell wall, plastids, vacuoles). b) Plant cell cycle.

A. 3. Key elements of the structure and reproduction of terrestrial plants: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms. Plant relationship with animals. Pollination and seed dispersal.

A. 4. Tracheophyte histology: Structure, ontogeny, differentiation and function of dermal, parenchymatic, supportive and vascular tissue, as well as secretory and idioblast cell formations.

A.5. Tracheophyte organs: External morphology, internal organization, development and operation of root, shoot, leaf, flower, seed, fruit and seedling.

A.6. Fundamentals of the molecular biology of plants

B. PLANT SYSTEMATICS

B. 1. Introduction to Systematic Botany and classification systems. Systematic methodology. Classification and nomenclature of plant organisms. Phylogeny-biodiversity. The process of evolution and plant organism speciation.

B. 2. Prokaryotic organisms and viruses. Morphological diversity, reproduction, important representatives.

B. 3. Protists: major taxonomic groups of algae. Morphological diversity, reproduction, important representatives.

B. 4. Fungi: characteristics of large taxonomic groups. Reproduction and symbiotic relationships. Heterotrophic protists. Lichens.

B. 5. Bryophytes: morphology and reproduction. Major taxonomic groups.

B. 6. The evolution of vascular plants. Morphology and reproductive systems. Pteridophytes, Distinguished and progonic forms

B. 7. Gymnosperms: evolution, morphological diversity and reproduction, major taxonomic groups and representatives.

B. 8. Flowering plants: diversity, life cycle and evolution. Angiosperms: phylogenetic relationships, reproductive organs (flowers, inflorescences and fruits), major taxonomic groups and representatives.

B. 9. Plants during the evolution and history of man: agricultural, pharmaceutical and modern uses of plants.

A. PLANT STRUCTURE: 1. Plant cell, cell wall, plastids, vacuoles and cell ergastic substances. 2. Parenchyma and secretory structures. Supportive tissue (collenchyma, sclerenchyma), vascular tissue. 3. Root and shoot primary and secondary structure 4. Epidermal tissue and leaf anatomy 5. Flower, seed and fruit

B. PLANT SYSTEMATICS: 1. Diversity of prokaryotic organisms and Algae. Morphology, reproduction, and representatives of the major taxonomic groups. 2. Diversity of fungi. Morphological traits, reproductive structures and representatives of the major taxonomic groups. 3. Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Typical representatives, morphology and reproduction. 4. Morphological diversity of Angiosperms. Leaf, flower, inflorescences and fruits. 5. Floral type and determination of Angiosperm specimens. Use of classification keys.